Title : Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors and the incidence of communicable diseases in Urban Bangladesh: Evidence from municipal areas


Authors : Mohammad Hayatun Nabi, Fatema Hashem Rupa, Ishrat Jahan, A. B. M. Nahid Hasan, Farah Naz, Iqbal Masud, Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader, and Mosharop Hossian


Journal Article Title: PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Volume Number: 19 Publication Year : 2025 Issue Number: 7
Index: indexed Ranking: No Ranking Publisher Name: PLOS (Public Library of Science)
Pages : e0013329
Funding Information:
Funding Source : None
Other Information:
Direct Sustainable Development Goals :
SDG3 Good Health & Well-being
SDG6 Clean Water & Sanitation
Indirect Sustainable Development Goals :
SDG11 Sustainable Cities & Communities
Sustainable Development Sub Goals :
End the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases
Achieve universal health coverage
Universal access to safe and affordable drinking water
Adequate sanitation and hygiene for all
Impact statement: This study reveals that nearly one in four residents (24.1%) in urban Bangladeshi municipalities reported a communicable disease, with poor hand hygiene increasing the risk by more than 12 times. By identifying that females and tube well users are at significantly higher risk, the research provides a critical evidence base for stakeholders to implement targeted hygiene education campaigns and infrastructure upgrades, such as sanitary latrines connected to septic tanks, to mitigate the disease burden in vulnerable urban populations Collaboration: Partner University Keywords: Infectious diseases, Sanitation, Hygiene, Bangladesh, Water resources, Hand washing, Public and occupational health, Medical r